Indian Polity post 1

1. The parliamentary system includes The president , Council of states (upper house) and House of people (lower house).
   
2. The foundation of central legislature was laid down by the indian councils act,1861 by making the provision of for inclusion of some non elected members in the executive of governor general for rule making with respect to govt of india.
3. than with the time no. of members went on increasing and their power too.now present parliamentary is current version.
4. Rajya sabha or Council of states-

• At present rajya sabha consist 250 members out of which 12 are nominated by The president.
• The remaining 238 members are elected by the elected members of legislative Assemblies of states according with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
• Among union terriories Only Delhi and pondicherry have the representatives in rajya sabha .
• The term of rajya sabha members is six years .In every two years 33 % members of rajya sabha retire.
• The chairman and deputy chairman of rajya sabha

a)Vice president of india is shall be the ex-officio chairman of the council of states.
b)But he can removed from his office by the resolution of rajya sabha passed by the majority of 2/3 of total members and agreed to by the members of lok sabha provided a 14 days notice has been giving to before moving such a resolution .
c)The council of states choose a member of council to be its Deputy chairman.
b)Deputy chairman can be removed from his office by same resolution but here is now concern with lok sabha.
e)At the time of removal chairman or deputy chairman shall not presides the house.The chairman can not take part in voting at that time because he is not an elected member. he can address rajya sabha..In all other time of the chairman can cast his vote .

5- Lok Sabha or House of people

• According to Article 81, Not more than 530 members chosen by direst election from the territorial constituencies of states.
• Not more than 20 members to represent the union territories .
• So the maximum strength of lok sabha may be 530 members.However at present ,the total strength of house is 545 members.
• Out of 545 members, 543 members are directly elected by people and 2 members belonging to Anglo-indian community are nominated by the president .
• The term of house is 5 years from the date of its first meeting .
• The ordinary term of house was increased to six years vide 42 th constitution amendment act,1976 during the emergency period of indira gandhi.However ,after two years of janta party led govt again restored the original term of 5 years by 44th amendment ,1978.it is further provided under the article 83(2) that the period may,while the proclamation of national emergency is in operation ,be extended by parliament by law for the period not than one year at a time.but in any case the extended period can not go beyond a period of six months after the date of emergency has come to an end.
• The speaker & deputy speaker of lok sabha

a) A convention has developed that speaker is selected by ruling party & deputy speaker is selected by opposition.
b)if speaker nad deputy speaker both are absent than house is presides by member of the panel of chairman,which is constituted by speaker time by time.The panel of chairman consist six members of house.
c)It should be pointed out that even after the dissolution of house of people,the speaker continues to remain in his office until immediately before the first meeting of newly constituted govt.
d)speaker submits his resignation to deputy speaker & vice versa.

• Age in the case of council of states not less than 30 years and in the case of lok sabha not less than 25 years.
• If any question arises on the qualification of member of house than president take the final decision ,in accordance with the opinion of the election commission.
• however if the question is related to anti-defection act,the decision of speaker or chairman shall be final.
• If a member remains absent for more than 60 days than he losses his seat.
• Sessions of the houses.

a)the sessions are summoned by president time by time.the president should summon each house at such intervals that six months shall not intervene b/w its last sitting and date of commencement of first sitting of next session.
b)In general ,at least there sessions -monsson session ,winter session and budget session are summoned each year.if required more sessions can be summoned by president.

• The council of ministers are responsible only 4 lok sabha.
• A money bill can be introduced in lok sabha only,rajyda sabha has no power to amend or reject money bill.
• The resolution to remove the vice president can be initiated in the rajya sabha.

1. The first elections to the lok sabha held in 1952,however from the date of commencement of new constitution , jan 26 ,1950, till the formation of new elected parliament ,the constituent assembly acted as the provisional parliament.Also it should be noted that the new constituent resolved on aug 27,1947 that the constitution assembly shall act as the union legislature till the date of commencement of new constitution .accordingly constituent assembly met,for the first time as a legislative body on 17 nov ,1947 and continued till 1952.the constituent assembly elected G.V. Mavlankar as its first speaker for legislative body.however in constitution making functions ,the meeting of constituent assembly were presided over by Dr. Rajendra Pradesh.
2. G.V.Malvankar ws the first speaker of newly elected assembly from 1952.
3. the post of speaker & dy. speaker was created in the year 1921.while sir federick whyte was the first speaker of the central legislative assembly.villabh bhai patel was the first indian speaker from 1925 to 1930.
4. sachhindanand sinha was the first dy speaker from 1921 and Ananthasayanam ayyangar was the first dy. speaker from 1952.
5. andhra has maximum no. of members in council of states (48).
6. rajya sabha was constituted in april 3, 1952.
7. The govt of india made a delimitation commission headed by justice kuldeep singh in 2002 to redraw the constituencies of lok sabha without increasing no. of seats on the basis of census 2001.
8. sc/st reserved seats are 130 .sc=84 & st=47 seats.
9. ratio of the no of seats and its population for every state is kept constant.
10. (quorum term is used for this )minimum 10% members should be present in the house for commencing a meeting.
11. speaker decides the bill is money bill or not.
12. speaker represents the house of people in other nations fora