- The organization is divided into administrative bodies, primarily: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (decides certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (assists in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (provides studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ). Additional bodies deal with the governance of all other UN System agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
- he organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
- On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United Nations.
- The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.
- The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in London in January 1946.
- Four of the five principal organs are located at the main United Nations headquarters located on international territory in New York City. The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.
October 6, 2009
United Nations
September 21, 2009
polity 2----powers of parliament /.
Special majority :- special majority means fulfilling the following two conditions
1- The majority of the total members of the house that is more than 50% of the total membership ;and at the same time.
2 - At least two-thirds of the members ,present and voting.
Calculate both figures ,which one is more be the minimum number required for majority.
The parliament has three types of power-
1-legislative powers
2-Executive power
3-Judicial power.
1- Legislative Power :- enactment of laws,amendment of constitution,creation of new states or changing the boundaries of existing states,creation or abolition of legislative councils in states .
a)parliament has power to enact laws wrt the matters included in the union list and concurrent list as given in the seventh schedule of constitution.Wrt to union parliament has exclusive power while its legislative power is shared with states in the matter of concurrent list.
In some matters like two or more states request for same,required for implementation of an international treaty ,council of state declares that a matter of state list is of national importance ,during the period of emergency or legislative assembly of state is suspended or dissolved during the enforcement of president's rule parliament is entitled to enact laws with respect to state list also.
b)Amendment of constitution is vested in parliament.it requires a special majority of house.Parliament has power to amend all the provisions of constitution except these 7 :-
i)the manner of election of president.
ii)extent the power of union and states
iii)the supreme court and high court.
iv)distribution of power between state and union.
v)any of the lists in 7th schedule.
vi)representation of state in council of states .
vii)provision of article 368.
Parliament can amend all the provisions if also receive the consent of legislature of not less the half of states before presenting to president.
c) Other legislative powers of parliament.:-
i)it can make a new state or can change the boundary of state by simple majority.it didnot come under amendment of constitution .
ii)parliament by a law can create or abolish the state council with the concern of legislature of that state by the simple majority.
iii)it can approve or disapprove the proclamation of nation emergency and financial emergency with simple majority.
2-Executive Powers :-
i) no confidence motion
ii)Censure motion:- in censure motion ,it is different from the no-confidence motion in the sense that is should specify the the reasons of grounds for moving such motion.unlike no confidence motion is can moved an individual minister for its wrong actions and policies.leave of the house is required for this.govt decide the date and time of its discussion.
iii)Adjournment Motion :-Since passing of adjournment motion involves the element of censure of the govt ,this device is not used by the rajya sabha.normally,business of the house is conducted as per the predecided agenda.the purpose of this motion is to interrupt the ongoing business of the house and to discuss a matter urgent public importance.
the member who want to move the motion is required to submit a notice to that effect addressed separately to the speaker ,secretary general of lok sabha ,and the concerned minister before 10 am.motion is presented in the house after question hour .if not less the 50 members raise their hands in support of the motion ,the leave is granted and motion is admitted by the house.it is taken 4 consideration after 4 pm for 2 & half hour .first member ask the questions than concerned minister gives the reply.during this speaker can not adjourn the house.
iv)Calling attention notice:-like the adjournment ,in this also a notice has to given before 10 am.
maximum 2 notice can be considered on a day.it is the discretion of the speaker to admit the notice ,if he is satisfied the matter raised in the notice in important. in this there is not need to take leave from house,no need of voting or debate.in this concerned minister gives the answer of the question asked in the notice,how ever members can ask clarificatory questions.
v)Question hour :-the first hour form 11 am to 12 am is fixed for the question hour.the member desire to ask the question has to give a notice before 10 to 21 days.speaker selects the questions to be asked on not.questions are of two type 1- ordinary questions ,2- the short notice questions.
ordinary questions requires 10 days before notice.it is further divided in to 2 categories i)- Starred Questions ,which are marked asterisk and which are answered orally .ii) unstarreed questions :-their answers is give in the written.
the speaker has the power to categories the questions.daily usually 20 questions are asked.one member can not ask more than 5 questions on a day.
vi) Zero hour:-it starts at 12 o'clock.a member without giving a notice can ask a question of public interest .it ends at 1' o clock.
Judicial Power :- it also enjoys some power of judicial nature also.it can remove the following functionaries on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity if a resolution is passed with special majority by the each house.
i)the judges of supreme court and high court .
ii)the chief election commissioner of india.
iii)the comptroller and auditor general of india.
iv)the state election commissioner .
the parliament can also remove the president by passing a resolution with 2/3 majority of house in both houses on the basis of violation of constitution.
both the houses have the power to punish a person who is found guilty of breaching the privileges of the house or its members.in such cases parliament conducts its proceedings like a court of law.
1- The majority of the total members of the house that is more than 50% of the total membership ;and at the same time.
2 - At least two-thirds of the members ,present and voting.
Calculate both figures ,which one is more be the minimum number required for majority.
The parliament has three types of power-
1-legislative powers
2-Executive power
3-Judicial power.
1- Legislative Power :- enactment of laws,amendment of constitution,creation of new states or changing the boundaries of existing states,creation or abolition of legislative councils in states .
a)parliament has power to enact laws wrt the matters included in the union list and concurrent list as given in the seventh schedule of constitution.Wrt to union parliament has exclusive power while its legislative power is shared with states in the matter of concurrent list.
In some matters like two or more states request for same,required for implementation of an international treaty ,council of state declares that a matter of state list is of national importance ,during the period of emergency or legislative assembly of state is suspended or dissolved during the enforcement of president's rule parliament is entitled to enact laws with respect to state list also.
b)Amendment of constitution is vested in parliament.it requires a special majority of house.Parliament has power to amend all the provisions of constitution except these 7 :-
i)the manner of election of president.
ii)extent the power of union and states
iii)the supreme court and high court.
iv)distribution of power between state and union.
v)any of the lists in 7th schedule.
vi)representation of state in council of states .
vii)provision of article 368.
Parliament can amend all the provisions if also receive the consent of legislature of not less the half of states before presenting to president.
c) Other legislative powers of parliament.:-
i)it can make a new state or can change the boundary of state by simple majority.it didnot come under amendment of constitution .
ii)parliament by a law can create or abolish the state council with the concern of legislature of that state by the simple majority.
iii)it can approve or disapprove the proclamation of nation emergency and financial emergency with simple majority.
2-Executive Powers :-
i) no confidence motion
ii)Censure motion:- in censure motion ,it is different from the no-confidence motion in the sense that is should specify the the reasons of grounds for moving such motion.unlike no confidence motion is can moved an individual minister for its wrong actions and policies.leave of the house is required for this.govt decide the date and time of its discussion.
iii)Adjournment Motion :-Since passing of adjournment motion involves the element of censure of the govt ,this device is not used by the rajya sabha.normally,business of the house is conducted as per the predecided agenda.the purpose of this motion is to interrupt the ongoing business of the house and to discuss a matter urgent public importance.
the member who want to move the motion is required to submit a notice to that effect addressed separately to the speaker ,secretary general of lok sabha ,and the concerned minister before 10 am.motion is presented in the house after question hour .if not less the 50 members raise their hands in support of the motion ,the leave is granted and motion is admitted by the house.it is taken 4 consideration after 4 pm for 2 & half hour .first member ask the questions than concerned minister gives the reply.during this speaker can not adjourn the house.
iv)Calling attention notice:-like the adjournment ,in this also a notice has to given before 10 am.
maximum 2 notice can be considered on a day.it is the discretion of the speaker to admit the notice ,if he is satisfied the matter raised in the notice in important. in this there is not need to take leave from house,no need of voting or debate.in this concerned minister gives the answer of the question asked in the notice,how ever members can ask clarificatory questions.
v)Question hour :-the first hour form 11 am to 12 am is fixed for the question hour.the member desire to ask the question has to give a notice before 10 to 21 days.speaker selects the questions to be asked on not.questions are of two type 1- ordinary questions ,2- the short notice questions.
ordinary questions requires 10 days before notice.it is further divided in to 2 categories i)- Starred Questions ,which are marked asterisk and which are answered orally .ii) unstarreed questions :-their answers is give in the written.
the speaker has the power to categories the questions.daily usually 20 questions are asked.one member can not ask more than 5 questions on a day.
vi) Zero hour:-it starts at 12 o'clock.a member without giving a notice can ask a question of public interest .it ends at 1' o clock.
Judicial Power :- it also enjoys some power of judicial nature also.it can remove the following functionaries on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity if a resolution is passed with special majority by the each house.
i)the judges of supreme court and high court .
ii)the chief election commissioner of india.
iii)the comptroller and auditor general of india.
iv)the state election commissioner .
the parliament can also remove the president by passing a resolution with 2/3 majority of house in both houses on the basis of violation of constitution.
both the houses have the power to punish a person who is found guilty of breaching the privileges of the house or its members.in such cases parliament conducts its proceedings like a court of law.
Legislative procedure...types of bills introduced in parliament
- Legislation mainly involves the enactment of laws and the amendment of consitution .
- Bills introduced in parliament are of three types.
2 :- Constitution amendment bill.
3 : - Ordinary bill,except above two bills all come in this category.
- Procedure wrt ordinary bills & constitution amendmant bill
1- Ordinary bills are passed with simple majority of parliament where constitution amendment bills are passed with special majority of parliament
2 - While president can with hold his assent on ordinary bill ,but he can not hold his assent on constitution amendment bill.
3-The deadlock between two houses on ordinary bill can be resolved by joint meeting of both houses called by president ,but there in no procedure of joint meeting on constitution amendment bill.
Similarities
- Both bills can be introduced in any of the house.
- Both houses have equal power .
Procedure
- First Reading (Introduction of the bill):- These bills may be introduced in either house.The leave or permission of the concerned house in needed to introduce the bill.generally leave is granted.A seven day's prior notice is required to introduce the bill and it is listed in the business of the house on a particular day.On the appointed day bill is introduced after the question hour.there is no discussion on the bill at this stage.however ,if is published in the Gazette of india with the permission of house ,the leave of the house to introduce a bill is not required .a bill may be introduced by a minister or any private memeber(other than minister) . a private can introduce up to four bills in a session.Minister has no restriction.
- Second Reading :- second stage further divided into 2 stages.
I)that bill may be referred to a select committee of house or a joint committee of house with the concurrence of the other house.
II)That the bill be circulated for the purpose of eliciting public opinion on the bill.
III)That the bill is taken straight awat into consideration by the house.
I)The report by the select committee or the joint committee :-If the motion is accepted to refer to a committee .the member of the committee is appointed by the speaker from amongst the house.the joint committee is drawn frm lok sabha and rajya sabha in 2:1 ratio but the chairman of the committee is selected from the house where bill is introduced.either of the committee considere the bill clause by clause and can move to amendment to the various clauses of bill.the committee ,after consideration submite its report.it is also known as reporting stage of bill.
II) Eliciting Public Opinion :- the bill is circulated to all states and union territories ,which publish in their gazettes and seek the opinion of various associations,local bodies and individuals . The opinion elicited by the state govt is sent to house with in a period of theree months.now bill is not taken straightly into consideration it is referred to the committee than after the report of committee bill is taken into consideration.
B) Second stage.:-At this stage bill is discussed brifely clause by clause .amendement at different stages is considered if acceppted they become the part of bill.
3) The Third Readig:- This is the final stage of the bill in the house where it is introduced.At this stage neither detailed discussion takes place nor amendments are moved.Only consequential amendments are allowed. at this stage discussion is confined to either in support or its rejection in toto.after this voting takes place.
if bill is passed in this house than it is sent to other house.there also same procedure is followed.if bill is passed in other house too than bill is sent to president for his assent.however if other house does not agree than deadlock between two houses continues to more than six months than president called a joint sitting of houses
4) The Joint sitting Of house:- If the date of joint sitting is announced earlier and house dissolved subsequently ,the joint sitting shall be still held on the same date ,this joint sitting is presided by chairman of lok sabha.The rules of proceddings apply on this meeting.at the joint meeting only those amendments are allowed to be moved which are required due to delay in the passage of bill.the decision will be taken on the majotiy vote.since the no. of members in lok sabha is more than rajya sabha it is passed if it is passed in lok sabha.only two bills dowary prohibition bill ,1961, and banking service bill have been passed in joint sitting .
5) Assent of the President :- after passing bill comes to the president ,he has three options ;1- he may grant his assent to the bill and bill becomed an act.2- he may withold his assent and in that bill comes to the end.3-president may return the bill to parliament for reconsideration.if bill again is passed than president can not with hold his assent.although there is no time limit on president to take his decision.if lok sabha is dissolved before bill become an act the bill comes to end.however president can not withhold his assent on consistution amendement bill.
Procedure with respect to the money bill
money bill is defined in the artilce 110.If bill contains exclusively the matter of article 110 than it is money bill.if bill contains some matters of article 110 along with some extra matters than it is finance bill of first class.if bill contains financial matters but none of the matter related to article 110 than it is finance bill of second class.
- A money bill and finance bill of first class can be introduced in lok sabha only ,where as finance bill of second class can be introduced in either house.
- The money bill and finance bill of first class can be introduced only on the recommedation of the president.on the other hand finance bill of second class can be introduced without the recommedation of president.however ,after the introduction ,it can not be passed in either house unless the president has recommended the consideration of the bill.
- The council of state has no power to ammend or reject the money bill.it can only recommend which can be rejected by the house of people.but in the case of both type of financial bill rajya sabha hai equal power.
- There is no procedure of joint sitting in tha case of money bill.however joint sitting can be invoked in the case to financial bill to remove the deadlock.
- Rajya sabha has to return the money bill with in 14 days with its recommedations .if rajya sabha failed to return it is assumed to be passed from rajya sabha.
- The president can not withold his assent on the money bill
September 19, 2009
indian courts..
- The criminal Procedure code ,1973 is used for trial against the criminals but it does not apply on jammu & kashmir and nagaland.
- Supreme court consist one chief justice & other 25 judges.
- Retired can work as a judge on ad hoc base,appointed by CJI consent with president.
- Generally the senior most judge of supreme court is appointed as CJI by president and other judges are appointed with advice of CJI.
- The judge of supreme court has been a High Court judge for at least 5 years or has been an advocate of a high court for at least 10 years.
- In an impeachment on judge ,a motion addressed to president signed at least 100 members of lok sabha & 50 members of rajya sabha is delivered to chairman or speaker.the motion is investigated by committe of three(2 supreme court judge and 1 distingued jurist).If committe found gulity of misbehaviour or incapicity the motion together with the report of committe is sent to the houses.thn motion should pass 2/3 majority of combined houses presnet in house and voting is addressed to president .The judge will be removed after the president gives his order.
September 17, 2009
List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites In India
Assam
- Kaziranga National Park,Assam
- Manas Wild Life Sanctuary , Assam
Bihar
Delhi
Goa
- Basilica of Bom Jesus and other churches of Goa
Gujarat
Karnataka
- Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka
- Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
- Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh
- Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh
- Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
- Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai, Maharashtra
- Elephanta Caves, Mumbai, Maharashtra
- Ellora Caves, Maharashtra
Orissa
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
- Great Living Chola Temples, Tamil Nadu
- Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
- Nilgiri Mountain Railway[1], Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
- Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttarakhand
West Bengal
General Facts..
- Basara, on the banks of Godavari in Adilabad District, is home to a famous temple for Goddeses Saraswathi and is only to the second temple for the Goddess in India.
Main Rivers And Their Helping Rivers(tributaries)
- Ganga----------------Ghaghra,Gandak,Gomti,Ken,son,Kosi,Yamuna.
- Yamuna-------------Chambal,Betwa,Ken,Sind
- Chambal------------Banas,Shipra.
- Godavari------------Ravara, Indrawati, Wainganga, Waradha, Pench, Kanhan and Penuganga rivers, Indravati River, Manjira River, BIndusara River, and Sabari River.
- Kaveri-----------------Amaravati,Hemavati,Kabini.
- Krishna--------------Musi,Tungbhadra,Bhima,Koyana,Malapharba,ghataparba
- Mahanadi-------------Shivnath,Telan,Ib
- Brahmaputra-----Lohit,Kamang,Manas,Teesta,Dharla
- Chenab----------------Ravi,Jhelum
- Sutlej------------------Beas
- Indus-------------------Chenab,Sutlej
Main Rivers Of India
Name | Length (km) | Originates from | Ends in | Passes through |
| Ganga (Bhagirati) | 2,507 | Gaumukh | Bay of Bengal | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal |
| Yamuna (Jamuna) | 1370 | Garhwal in Yamunotri | Bay of Bengal | Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh |
| Brahmaputra | 2,850 | Chemayung-Dung glacier, between lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash | Bay of Bengal | North Eastern states of India |
| Kaveri | 765 | Hills of Coorg, Karnataka | Bay of Bengal | Karnataka and Tamil Nadu |
| Godavari | 1,465 | Trimbakeshwar near Nasik Hills in Maharashtra | Bay of Bengal | South-easterly direction, through Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh |
| Krishna | 900 | Near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra | Bay of Bengal | Maharastra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh |
| Narmada | 1,300 | Amarkantak hill in Madhya Pradesh | Arabian Sea | Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat |
| Tapti | 724 | Pachmari, Madhya Pradesh | Arabian Sea | Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat |
| Gomti | 805 | Himalaya Range of Nepal | Bay of Bengal | Uttar Pradesh |
| Ghaghara |
| Shivalik mountain range of Himachal Pradesh | Disappears into the Thar Desert | Nepal,Uttranchal,Uttar pradesh |
| Mahanadi | 860 | Satpura Range | Bay of Bengal | Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Maharashtra |
Lowest Point in India
Public Accounts Committee
- It is consistuted every year in lok sabha.
- The Public Accounts Committee consists of not more than 22 members comprising of 15 members elected by Lok Sabha every year from amongst its members according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and not more than 7 members of Rajya Sabha elected by that House in like manner.
- Prior to the year 1954-55, the Committee consisted of 15 members who were elected by Lok Sabha from amongst its Members.. But with effect from the year 1954-55, 7 members from the Rajya Sabha are also being associated with the Committee.
- Till 1966-67, a senior member of the ruling party used to be appointed by the Speaker as Chairman of the Committee. In 1967, however, for the first time, a member from the Opposition in Lok Sabha, was appointed as the Chairman of the Committee by the Speaker. This practice continues till date.
- The term of office of members of the Committee does not exceed one year at a time.
- A Minister is not elected a member of the Committee, and if a member, after his election to the Committee is appointed a Minister, he ceases to be a member of the Committee from the date of such appointment.
- The Chairman of the Committee is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the members of the Committee from Lok Sabha.
Scope and Functions
- The functions of the Committee, as enshrined in Rule 308(1) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, include examination of accounts showing the appropriation of sums granted by Parliament for the expenditure of the Government of India, the annual finance accounts of the Government and such other accounts laid before the House as the Committee may think fit.
- In scrutinising the Appropriation Accounts of the Government of India and the Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of Indiaa thereon, the Committee has to satisfy .
Comptroller And Auditor General Of India
- The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India (Hindi: à¤ारत के नियंत्रक-महालेखापरीक्षक, pronounced Bharat ke niyantrak-mahalekhaparikshak in English) is an authority, established by the Constitution of India, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.
- The CAG is also the external auditor of government-owned companies.
- The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees, which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state legislatures .
- The CAG of India is also the head of the Indian Audits and Accounts Service, which has over 58,000 employees across the coun
Scope of audits
Audit of government accounts (including the accounts of the state governments) in India is entrusted to the CAG of India who is empowered to audit all expenditure from the revenues of the union or state governments, whether incurred within India or outside. Specifically, audits include:
- Transactions relating to debt, deposits, remittances, Trading, and manufacturing
- Profit and loss accounts and balance sheets kept under the order of the President or Governors
- Receipts and stock accounts.
- The CAG is appointed by The President of India ,same as a judge of supreme court is appointed.
- He can be removed from his as a judge of supreme court is removed .
- His salary & other conditions of services may be determined by parliament.
- But once appointed ,neither his salary nor his righta in respect of leave of absence ,pension or age of retirement can be varied to his disadvantage.
- After retirement he is not eligible for any office of profit under the govt .
- CAG submits his report to The president & governor.
- The rights & duties of CAG are mentioned under the article 148,149,150 in constitution.
- Tenure of CAG in 6 years.
September 16, 2009
INDIAN HONOURS
Indian honours and decorations
Civilian
1.International
Gandhi Peace Prize
2.National
Bharat Ratna · Padma Vibhushan · Padma Bhushan · Padma Shri
By field
3.Literature
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship · Sahitya Akademi Award
4.Cinema
Dadasaheb Phalke Award · National Film Awards
5.Other arts
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship · Sangeet Natak Akademi Award ·lALIT Kala Akademi Fellowship
6.Sports
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award · Arjuna Award · Dronacharya Award (coaching) · Dhyan Chand Award (life time achievement)
7.Military
Wartime
Param Vir Chakra · Maha Vir Chakra · Vir Chakra
Peacetime
Ashoka Chakra · Kirti Chakra · Shaurya Chakra
Wartime / Peacetime
Service & Gallantry
Sena Medal (Army) · Naosena Medal (Navy) · Vayusena Medal (Air Force)
Wartime
Distinguished
Service
Sarvottam Yuddh Seva Medal · Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal · Yuddh Seva Medal
Peacetime
Distinguished
Service
Param Vishisht Seva Medal · Ati Vishisht Seva Medal · Vishisht Seva Medal
Civilian
1.International
Gandhi Peace Prize
2.National
Bharat Ratna · Padma Vibhushan · Padma Bhushan · Padma Shri
By field
3.Literature
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship · Sahitya Akademi Award
4.Cinema
Dadasaheb Phalke Award · National Film Awards
5.Other arts
Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship · Sangeet Natak Akademi Award ·lALIT Kala Akademi Fellowship
6.Sports
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award · Arjuna Award · Dronacharya Award (coaching) · Dhyan Chand Award (life time achievement)
7.Military
Wartime
Param Vir Chakra · Maha Vir Chakra · Vir Chakra
Peacetime
Ashoka Chakra · Kirti Chakra · Shaurya Chakra
Wartime / Peacetime
Service & Gallantry
Sena Medal (Army) · Naosena Medal (Navy) · Vayusena Medal (Air Force)
Wartime
Distinguished
Service
Sarvottam Yuddh Seva Medal · Uttam Yuddh Seva Medal · Yuddh Seva Medal
Peacetime
Distinguished
Service
Param Vishisht Seva Medal · Ati Vishisht Seva Medal · Vishisht Seva Medal
INDIAN POLITY POST 2
Legislative powers of parliament
• Enactment of laws
• Amendment of constitution
• Creation of new states or changing the boundaries of states
• Creation or abolition of state legislative councils
1. Enactment of laws
• It can enact laws with respect to union list and concurrent list
• At the time of national emergency , president’s rule , international treaty implemantion , conflict between two states.
• Simple majority is required in both houses.
2. Amendment of constitution
• Under article 368 of Indian constitution the power of amendment of constitution vested in the parliament.
• Amendment of constitution requires the special type of majorityas given in article 368it should fulfill two necessary condition 1)the majority should be more thean 50% of the total membership at the same time 2)at least 2/3 of the members should be present and voting
Bills introduced in the parliament are of three kinds
1. Money bill
2. Constitution amendment bill
3. Ordinary bill
Money Bill
The bill which has financial matters and defined according to the article 110 of constitution is known as money bill
• A money bill shall be introduced in LOKSABHA only and not in Rajya sabha
• When a money bill is passed by loksabha , it is certified by the speaker and sent to the Rajya sabha, Rajya sabha can not reject or amend the money bill. It must return the bill within 14 days with or with out recommendations other wise it will consider passed by both houses
• Lok sabha can reject the recommendations of Rajya sabha on money bill.
• After a money bill passed in both houses in above manner ,it is presented to the president and he can not withhold his assentto the money bill.
• A money bill can be introduced only on the recommendations of the president
Money bill and finance bill
1. If a bill having financial matters along with some specifications of article 110 then it is called FINANCE BILL OF FIRST CLASS.
2. If a bill have financial matter but not according to the article 110 then it is called FINANCE BILL OF SECOND CLASS.
THE difference between two categories
• Money bill and finance bill of 1st class can only introduced in Lok sabha , while 2nd class finance can introduced in any house.
• Money bill and the 1st class finance bill only introduced on the recommendations of president ,while 2nd class finance bill not require any recommendation.
• In case of both type of finance bill Rajya sabha has equal power to reject or amend the bills as lok abha has.
• In case of both type of finance bill the THREE READING procedure is applied.
• The provision of joint sitting of two houses is not applicable in case of Money bill , but it is applicable in the case of both type of finance bills.
Constitutional Amendment and Ordinary Bills
• Constitutional amendment bill is passed by special majority under article 368, while ordinary bills are passed by simple majority.( in both houses saperately)
• President can withhold his assent to ordinary bill but he can not withhold his assent to constitutional amendment bill.
• There is no provision for joint sitting in case of constitutional amendment bill.
1 Difference between a bill and an act
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. Bills may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members. The former are called government bills and the latter, private members' bills. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills. A private member can introduce bills 4 times in a session while there is no limit for the ministers. A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general, whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution. The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Wakfs Bills are examples of private bills.
2 Procedure relating to an ordinary bill
There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one house of the Parliament.
2.1 First reading - introduction stage
A minister, or member-in-charge of the bill seeks the leave of the house to introduce a bill. If the bill is an important one, the minister may make a brief speech, stating its main features. After the bill has been introduced, the first reading is deemed to be over. Therefore, in the first stage, only the principles and provisions of the bills are discussed.
2.2 Second reading - discussion stage
This stage concerns the consideration of the bill and its provisions and is further divide into three stages.
First stage
On a date fixed for taking up consideration of the bill, there takes place a general discussion when only the principles are taken up for discussion. At this stage, three options are open to the house. The bill may be straightaway be taken into consideration or it may be referred to any of the Standing Committees or it may be circulated for the purpose of eliciting general opinion thereon
Second stage, that is, discussion on the report
The next stage consists of a clause-by-clause consideration of the bill as reported by the committee. When all the clauses have been put to vote and disposed of, the second reading of the bill is over.
Changes or amendments to the bill can be made only in this stage. Amendments become a part of a bill if they are accepted by a majority of the members present and voting.
2.3 Third reading - voting stage
The next stage is the third reading. The debate on the third reading of a bill is of a restricted character. It is confined only to arguments either in support of the bill or for its rejection, without referring to its details. After the bill is passed, it is sent to the other house
2.4 Bill in the other house
After a bill, other than a money bill, is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha, it goes through all the stages in that house as that in the first house. But if the bill passed by one house is amended by the other house, it goes back to the originating house. If the originating house does not agree with the amendments, it shall be that the two houses have disagreed.
2.5 Joint-session of both houses
In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until now, only three bills: the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorism Bill (2002) have been passed at joint sessions.
2.6 President's assent
When a bill has been passed, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a money bill with his recommendations. If the President gives his assent, the bill becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped. If he returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must give his assent to it. In the case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill, the President is bound to give his assent.
• Enactment of laws
• Amendment of constitution
• Creation of new states or changing the boundaries of states
• Creation or abolition of state legislative councils
1. Enactment of laws
• It can enact laws with respect to union list and concurrent list
• At the time of national emergency , president’s rule , international treaty implemantion , conflict between two states.
• Simple majority is required in both houses.
2. Amendment of constitution
• Under article 368 of Indian constitution the power of amendment of constitution vested in the parliament.
• Amendment of constitution requires the special type of majorityas given in article 368it should fulfill two necessary condition 1)the majority should be more thean 50% of the total membership at the same time 2)at least 2/3 of the members should be present and voting
Bills introduced in the parliament are of three kinds
1. Money bill
2. Constitution amendment bill
3. Ordinary bill
Money Bill
The bill which has financial matters and defined according to the article 110 of constitution is known as money bill
• A money bill shall be introduced in LOKSABHA only and not in Rajya sabha
• When a money bill is passed by loksabha , it is certified by the speaker and sent to the Rajya sabha, Rajya sabha can not reject or amend the money bill. It must return the bill within 14 days with or with out recommendations other wise it will consider passed by both houses
• Lok sabha can reject the recommendations of Rajya sabha on money bill.
• After a money bill passed in both houses in above manner ,it is presented to the president and he can not withhold his assentto the money bill.
• A money bill can be introduced only on the recommendations of the president
Money bill and finance bill
1. If a bill having financial matters along with some specifications of article 110 then it is called FINANCE BILL OF FIRST CLASS.
2. If a bill have financial matter but not according to the article 110 then it is called FINANCE BILL OF SECOND CLASS.
THE difference between two categories
• Money bill and finance bill of 1st class can only introduced in Lok sabha , while 2nd class finance can introduced in any house.
• Money bill and the 1st class finance bill only introduced on the recommendations of president ,while 2nd class finance bill not require any recommendation.
• In case of both type of finance bill Rajya sabha has equal power to reject or amend the bills as lok abha has.
• In case of both type of finance bill the THREE READING procedure is applied.
• The provision of joint sitting of two houses is not applicable in case of Money bill , but it is applicable in the case of both type of finance bills.
Constitutional Amendment and Ordinary Bills
• Constitutional amendment bill is passed by special majority under article 368, while ordinary bills are passed by simple majority.( in both houses saperately)
• President can withhold his assent to ordinary bill but he can not withhold his assent to constitutional amendment bill.
• There is no provision for joint sitting in case of constitutional amendment bill.
1 Difference between a bill and an act
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament of India in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. Bills may be introduced in the Parliament by ministers or private members. The former are called government bills and the latter, private members' bills. Bills may also be classified as public bills and private bills. A private member can introduce bills 4 times in a session while there is no limit for the ministers. A public bill is one referring to a matter applying to the public in general, whereas a private bill relates to a particular person or corporation or institution. The Orphanages and Charitable Homes Bill or the Muslim Wakfs Bills are examples of private bills.
2 Procedure relating to an ordinary bill
There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in one house of the Parliament.
2.1 First reading - introduction stage
A minister, or member-in-charge of the bill seeks the leave of the house to introduce a bill. If the bill is an important one, the minister may make a brief speech, stating its main features. After the bill has been introduced, the first reading is deemed to be over. Therefore, in the first stage, only the principles and provisions of the bills are discussed.
2.2 Second reading - discussion stage
This stage concerns the consideration of the bill and its provisions and is further divide into three stages.
First stage
On a date fixed for taking up consideration of the bill, there takes place a general discussion when only the principles are taken up for discussion. At this stage, three options are open to the house. The bill may be straightaway be taken into consideration or it may be referred to any of the Standing Committees or it may be circulated for the purpose of eliciting general opinion thereon
Second stage, that is, discussion on the report
The next stage consists of a clause-by-clause consideration of the bill as reported by the committee. When all the clauses have been put to vote and disposed of, the second reading of the bill is over.
Changes or amendments to the bill can be made only in this stage. Amendments become a part of a bill if they are accepted by a majority of the members present and voting.
2.3 Third reading - voting stage
The next stage is the third reading. The debate on the third reading of a bill is of a restricted character. It is confined only to arguments either in support of the bill or for its rejection, without referring to its details. After the bill is passed, it is sent to the other house
2.4 Bill in the other house
After a bill, other than a money bill, is transmitted to the Rajya Sabha, it goes through all the stages in that house as that in the first house. But if the bill passed by one house is amended by the other house, it goes back to the originating house. If the originating house does not agree with the amendments, it shall be that the two houses have disagreed.
2.5 Joint-session of both houses
In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where more than six months lapse in the other house, the President may summon a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until now, only three bills: the Dowry Prohibition Act (1961), the Banking Service Commission Repeal Bill (1978) and the Prevention of Terrorism Bill (2002) have been passed at joint sessions.
2.6 President's assent
When a bill has been passed, it is sent to the President for his assent. The President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can return a bill, other than a money bill with his recommendations. If the President gives his assent, the bill becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he withholds his assent, the bill is dropped. If he returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must give his assent to it. In the case of a Constitutional Amendment Bill, the President is bound to give his assent.
List of indian cities on river bank
- Ahmedabad---------- sabarmati
- Ayodhya -------------sarayu
- Badrinath ----------- Ganga
- Bhagalpur -----------Ganga
- Buxar ---------------Ganga
- Calcutta -------------Hugli
- Cuttak --------------Mahanadi
- Dibrugarh -----------Brahmaputra
- Guwahati ------------Brahmaputra
- Hyderabad ----------Musa
- Jamshedpur ---------Subernarekha
- Kota -----------------Chambal
- Lah ------------------Indus
- Lucknow------------- Gomti
- Ludhiana -------------Sutlaj
- Moradabad -----------Ram Ganga
- Nashik ---------------Godavari
- Patna -----------------Ganga
- Surat -----------------Tapti
- Tiruchirappali --------Cauvery
- Ujjain -----------------Shipra
- VIjayavada -----------Krishna
- Varansi --------------Ganga
- Srinagar -------------Jhelum
- Jammu --------------Tawi
- Chennai --------------Adyar & Cooum
- Bagluru --------------Vrishabhavati
- Nagpur-------------- Nag & kanhan
- Panji -----------------mandovi
- Jagdalpur------------ Indravati
- Dholpur -------------Chambal
- Dhanbad ------------Damodar
- Durgapur -----------Damodar
- Jaipur --------------Luni
- Jabalpur ------------Narmada
- Gorakhpur-----------rapti
- Erode-----------------cauvery
- Alwaye-----------------Periyar
- Malegaon--------------Girna
- Daman-----------------dmanganga
- Madurai----------------Vaigai
- Bharuch---------------narmada
- Pune-------------------mula,mutha
- Gwalior----------------chambal
- Vijayawada------------Krishna
- Vadodra---------------vishwamitri
- Rajkot-----------------Aji
- Kholapur--------------panchganga
- Tirunelveli------------ Thamirabarani
- Ajmer -----------------Luni
- Mirzapur-------------Ganga
- Bhopal----------------Betwa
- Banda (Uttar Pradesh)----Ken
- Rajnandgaon--------shivnath
- Sambalpur-------mahanadi
- Rourkela---------confluence of Koel, Sankha and Brahmani.
- Gondia------------Wanganga
- Bhusawal---------tapi
- Chhapra ------confluence of ghagra ang ganga river
- Katihar----------Ganga
- Bahrampur-------bhagirathi (distributary of ganga)
- Bokaro----------Damodar
- Asansol-------Damodar
- Ranchi---------subarnarekha
- Faizabad-------Ghaghara
- Nanded -------godavari
- Slichar---------Barak
- Mysore---------Cauvery
- Thanjavur------ Vadavar and Vennar
- Vellore---------palar
Union Territories of India
A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India, in the federal framework of governance. Unlike the states of India, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the federal government; the President of India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor for each territory.[1]
As of 2009[update], there are seven union territories.[2] Delhi, the capital of India, the then Union territory of Delhi and Puducherry have been given partial statehood. Delhi is redefined as National Capital Territory. Delhi and Puducherry have their own elected legislative assemblies and the executive councils of ministers, but their powers are limited; certain legislation must be reserved for the "consideration and assent" of the President of India.
The following are the current union territories of India:
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands - port blair
- Chandigarh - chandigarh
- Dadra and Nagar Haveli- silvaasa
- Daman and Diu- daman
- Lakshadweep- kavaratti
- Puducherry- puducherry.
The following is the National Capital Territory of India:
- Delhi- delhi
- delhi & puducherry are the only two union territories who hav members in rajya sabha .
Type of government in India
The Preamble lays down the type of government that India has adopted - Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.
Sovereign
The word sovereign means supreme or independent. India is internally and externally sovereign - externally free from the control of any foreign power and internally, it has a free government which is directly elected by the people and makes laws that govern the people.
Socialist
The word socialist was added to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies social and economic equality for all its citizens. There will be no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion or language. Everybody will be given equal status and opportunities. The government will make efforts to reduce the concentration of wealth in a few hands, and provide a decent standard of living to all.
India has adopted a mixed economic model, and the government has framed many laws to achieve the goal of socialism, such as Abolition of Untouchability and Zamindari Act, Equal Wages Act and Child Labour Prohibition Act.
Secular
The word secular was inserted into the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. It implies equality of all religions and religious tolerance. India does not have any official state religion. Every person has the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their own choice. The government does not favour or discriminate any religion. It treats all religions with equal respect. All citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs are equal in the eyes of law. No religious instruction is imparted in government or government - aided schools.
Democratic
India is a free country; vote from any place, specific seats are given out for Scheduled social group and scheduled tribes (89%) in parliament called (reserved voters), in local body election a proportion of seats are given out for women candidates. There is also a proposal to give out 33% seats in all elections to woman candidates, at this moment there is no agreement how to apply it and which seats should be given out. The Election Commission of India is responsible for performing free and fair elections.
Republic
As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on hereditary basis for a lifetime, or until he abdicates, a republic is a state in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years.
Source Wikipedia ..September 15, 2009
Indian Polity post 1
- The parliamentary system includes The president , Council of states (upper house) and House of people (lower house).
- The foundation of central legislature was laid down by the indian councils act,1861 by making the provision of for inclusion of some non elected members in the executive of governor general for rule making with respect to govt of india.
- than with the time no. of members went on increasing and their power too.now present parliamentary is current version.
- Rajya sabha or Council of states-
- At present rajya sabha consist 250 members out of which 12 are nominated by The president.
- The remaining 238 members are elected by the elected members of legislative Assemblies of states according with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
- Among union terriories Only Delhi and pondicherry have the representatives in rajya sabha .
- The term of rajya sabha members is six years .In every two years 33 % members of rajya sabha retire.
- The chairman and deputy chairman of rajya sabha
b)But he can removed from his office by the resolution of rajya sabha passed by the majority of 2/3 of total members and agreed to by the members of lok sabha provided a 14 days notice has been giving to before moving such a resolution .
c)The council of states choose a member of council to be its Deputy chairman.
b)Deputy chairman can be removed from his office by same resolution but here is now concern with lok sabha.
e)At the time of removal chairman or deputy chairman shall not presides the house.The chairman can not take part in voting at that time because he is not an elected member. he can address rajya sabha..In all other time of the chairman can cast his vote .
5- Lok Sabha or House of people
- According to Article 81, Not more than 530 members chosen by direst election from the territorial constituencies of states.
- Not more than 20 members to represent the union territories .
- So the maximum strength of lok sabha may be 530 members.However at present ,the total strength of house is 545 members.
- Out of 545 members, 543 members are directly elected by people and 2 members belonging to Anglo-indian community are nominated by the president .
- The term of house is 5 years from the date of its first meeting .
- The ordinary term of house was increased to six years vide 42 th constitution amendment act,1976 during the emergency period of indira gandhi.However ,after two years of janta party led govt again restored the original term of 5 years by 44th amendment ,1978.it is further provided under the article 83(2) that the period may,while the proclamation of national emergency is in operation ,be extended by parliament by law for the period not than one year at a time.but in any case the extended period can not go beyond a period of six months after the date of emergency has come to an end.
- The speaker & deputy speaker of lok sabha
b)if speaker nad deputy speaker both are absent than house is presides by member of the panel of chairman,which is constituted by speaker time by time.The panel of chairman consist six members of house.
c)It should be pointed out that even after the dissolution of house of people,the speaker continues to remain in his office until immediately before the first meeting of newly constituted govt.
d)speaker submits his resignation to deputy speaker & vice versa.
- Age in the case of council of states not less than 30 years and in the case of lok sabha not less than 25 years.
- If any question arises on the qualification of member of house than president take the final decision ,in accordance with the opinion of the election commission.
- however if the question is related to anti-defection act,the decision of speaker or chairman shall be final.
- If a member remains absent for more than 60 days than he losses his seat.
- Sessions of the houses.
b)In general ,at least there sessions -monsson session ,winter session and budget session are summoned each year.if required more sessions can be summoned by president.
- The council of ministers are responsible only 4 lok sabha.
- A money bill can be introduced in lok sabha only,rajyda sabha has no power to amend or reject money bill.
- The resolution to remove the vice president can be initiated in the rajya sabha.
- The first elections to the lok sabha held in 1952,however from the date of commencement of new constitution , jan 26 ,1950, till the formation of new elected parliament ,the constituent assembly acted as the provisional parliament.Also it should be noted that the new constituent resolved on aug 27,1947 that the constitution assembly shall act as the union legislature till the date of commencement of new constitution .accordingly constituent assembly met,for the first time as a legislative body on 17 nov ,1947 and continued till 1952.the constituent assembly elected G.V. Mavlankar as its first speaker for legislative body.however in constitution making functions ,the meeting of constituent assembly were presided over by Dr. Rajendra Pradesh.
- G.V.Malvankar ws the first speaker of newly elected assembly from 1952.
- the post of speaker & dy. speaker was created in the year 1921.while sir federick whyte was the first speaker of the central legislative assembly.villabh bhai patel was the first indian speaker from 1925 to 1930.
- sachhindanand sinha was the first dy speaker from 1921 and Ananthasayanam ayyangar was the first dy. speaker from 1952.
- andhra has maximum no. of members in council of states (48).
- rajya sabha was constituted in april 3, 1952.
- The govt of india made a delimitation commission headed by justice kuldeep singh in 2002 to redraw the constituencies of lok sabha without increasing no. of seats on the basis of census 2001.
- sc/st reserved seats are 130 .sc=84 & st=47 seats.
- ratio of the no of seats and its population for every state is kept constant.
- (quorum term is used for this )minimum 10% members should be present in the house for commencing a meeting.
- speaker decides the bill is money bill or not.
- speaker represents the house of people in other nations fora
September 14, 2009
QUESTIONS RELATED TO THE PRESIDENTS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
1.FIRST NON INDIAN CONGRESS PRESIDENT................................George Yule 1888
2. SECOND NON INDIAN CONGRESS PRESIDENT.............................William Wedderburn 1889
3. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF BANGAL PARTITION................Gopal Krishna Gokhle 1905
4. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF GOVT. OF INDIA ACT1909.......Madan Mohan Malviya
5. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF LUCKNOW PACT 1916................Ambica Charan Majumdar
6. PRESIDENT AT THE FIRST SPECIAL SESSION 1918.............SayadHasanImam bombay
·7. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF ROLATT ACTT1919................MOTI LAL NEHRU
8. FIRST MUSLIM CONGRESS PRESIDENT.......... ............................Badruddin Tyabji 1887
9..PRESIDENT AT THE SECOND SPECIAL SESSION...................LALA LAJPAT RAI CALCUTTA
10.PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF CHORI-CHAURA INCIDENT 1922…......DESH BANDHU CHITRANJAN DAS
11.PRESIDENT AT THE THIRD SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS AT DELHI 1923………MAULNA ABUL KALAM AZAD
12.YOUNGEST PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS………….MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD
13.PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF NEHRU REPORT 1928……..MOTILAL NEHRU
14.PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF DECLARATION OF PURNA SWARAJ 1929…………..JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU(ALSO IN 1930 FIRST ROUND TABLE)
15. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1931……….SARDAR VALLABH BHAI PATEL
16. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF GOVT. OF INDIA ACT 1935…….DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD
17. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF BEGNINING OF SECOND WORLD WAR 1939………… SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE(ALSO IN 1938)
18. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF INTRIM GOVERNMENT 1946………MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD
19. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE 1947….J B KRIPLANI
20. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF DEATH OF GANDHI JI……….PATTABHI SITARAIMAYYA
21. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF 26 JANAURY 1950….P D TANDON
22. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF FIRST GENERAL ELECTIONS 1952…JL NEHRU
23.PRESIDENT CONTINIOUS 5 TIMES………U N DHEBAR
24. PERSON WHO SEARVE AS CONGRESS PRESIDENT, INDIAN PRESIDENT,, LOK SABHA SPEAKAR………………..NEELAM SANJIV REDDY
25 PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF SINO-INDO WAR 1962….NEELAM SANJIV REDDY
26. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF FIRST INDO-PAK WAR 1965…..K KAMRAJ
27.PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF 2ND INDO-PAK WAR 1971…..JAGJIVAN RAM
(HE WAS ALSO THE DEFENCE MINISTER AT THAT TIME)
28. PRESIDENT AT THE TIME OF EMERGENCY 1975-77…..DEV KANT BARUAH
29.PRIME MINISTER CUM CONGRESS PRESIDENT………1.J L NEHRU 2.INDIRA GANDHI 3.RAJIV GANDHI 4. PV NARSIMHA RAO
30.HOW MUCH MUSLIM CONGRESS PRESIDENT…..7
1. BD TYABJI 2. Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur 3. Syed Hasan Imam 4. Hakim Ajmal Khan 5. Maulana Mohammad Ali 6. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 7. Dr. M A Ansari
31.HOW MUCH WOMAN CONGRESS PRESIDENT…………5
1. Annie Besant 2. Sarojini Naidu 3. Nellie Sengupta 4. Indira Gandhi 5. Sonia Gandhi
32. HOW MUCH FOREGINER CONGRESS PRESIDENT……..5
1. George Yule 2. Sir William Wedderburn 3. Alfred Webb 4. Sir Henry Cotton 5. Annie Besant
33. PRESIDENT THREE TIMES OR MORE….
1. Dadabhai Naoroji(3) 2. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya(4) 3. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru(6)
4. U N Dhebar(5) 6. Indira Gandhi (3) 7.Neelam Sanjiva Reddy(4) 8. K. Kamaraj(3)
34. MAHATMA GANDHI PRESIDENT ONLY ONE TIME 1924
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
